Course Content
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
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TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
Root
Parts of the Root
Stem
Xylem
Phloem
Functions of Stems
Absorption of water by roots
Absorption of mineral salts by roots
Transport of water in plants
Forces involved in the movement of water in the Xylem
Transpiration
Transpiration in a Leaf
Significance of Transpiration
Potometer
Factors affecting the rate of Transpiration
Environmental factors affecting transpiration rate
Study Question
Translocation of Organic Compounds
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Types of closed circulatory systems
The mammalian circulatory system
Heart
Internal Structure of the Hear
Structural Adaptations of the Mammalian Heart to its function
Circulation in the Heart
Pumping Mechanism of Blood
Systole (Contraction)
Heartbeat
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
Major Blood Vessels
Diseases and Defects of The Circulatory System
Thrombosis
Arteriosclerosis
Varicose veins
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure
Blood
Blood Plasma
Red Blood Cells
Functions of the red blood cell
White Blood cells
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes)
Differences between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Differences between Red blood cells and White blood cells
Platelets
Platelets
Adaptations of the human blood to its functions   
Blood Clotting Mechanisms
Blood Groups
Blood Transfusion
Rhesus Factor
Disorders and Diseases of Blood
Leukaemia
Haemophilia
Anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia
Lymphatic system
Immunity
Vaccination
Allergic reactions
Organ Transplant
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
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Introduction to Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange in Plants
The Mechanism of Opening and Closing of the Stomata
The Photosynthetic theory
Starch-sugar inter-conversion theory
Active Potassium ion (K+) interaction theory
Gaseous Exchange in Terrestrial Plants (mesophytes)
Stomata on leaves
Lenticels on stems
Root hairs
Gaseous Exchange in Aquatic Plants
Gaseous Exchange in Hydrophytes
Gaseous Exchange in Halophytes
Gaseous Exchange in Animals
Respiratory Surfaces
Gaseous exchange in Protozoa
Gaseous Exchange in Insects
Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Insects
Gaseous Exchange in Fish
Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation in Fish
Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians
Amphibians: Buccal Cavity (mouth cavity)
Amphibians: Lungs
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN MAMMALS
Alveolus
Mechanism of Breathing and Gaseous Exchange in the Alveoli
Percentage Composition of Gases in Inhaled and Exhaled Air
Diffusion Gradient
Control of Breathing
Factors affecting the Rate of Breathing in Humans
Respiratory Volumes
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Asthma
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Whooping Cough
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
RESPIRATION
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Introduction
Mitochondrion
Tissue respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Kreb’s cycle
Conditions necessary for Aerobic Respiration
Practical Activity: To show that heat is produced during aerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen Debt
Economic Applications of Anaerobic Respiration
Practical activity: To show that carbon (IV) oxide is produced during anaerobic respiration
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
Quiz: RQ
Factors affecting the Rate of Respiration
EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS
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Introduction
Importance of Excretion in living organisms
Excretion in Plants
Methods of Excretion in Plants
Plant Excretory Waste Products
Economic Importance of Plant Nitrogenous Excretory Products
Excretion in Unicellular organisms (Amoeba)
EXCRETION IN HIGHER ANIMALS
Excretion in Mammals (Man)
Forms of Nitrogenous Wastes in Animals
THE SKIN
Structure and Function of the Skin
Structure and Function of the Skin
Structure and Function of the Skin
The Functions of the Skin
Describe how human skin is adapted to its functions
MAMMALIAN KIDNEYS
Longitudinal section of the mammalian kidney
Internal Structure of the Kidney
The Nephron
The Nephron
Ultrafiltration
Selective reabsorption
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Composition of plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine
Study Question
Diseases and Disorders of the Kidney
LUNGS
LIVER
Functions of the Liver
Functions of the Liver
Functions of the Liver
Functions of the Liver
Other functions of the Liver
Liver Diseases and Disorders
Introduction to Homeostasis
Principles of Homeostasis
Organs involved in homeostasis
Thermoregulation (Temperature Regulation)
Osmoregulation (Water balance)
Osmoregulation (Ionic balance)
Blood Sugar Regulation
Hypothalamus
The Role of the skin in thermoregulation
Sample Question
The role of the skin in osmoregulation
Role of the Skin in Salt and Water Balance
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation
Poikilotherm and Homoiotherm
Role of Kidneys in Osmoregulation
Diabetes insipidus
Role of Kidneys in Regulation of Ionic Content 
Role of the Skin in Salt and Water Balance
Regulation of Blood Sugar Level
Role of Adrenaline in Homeostasis
Hormonal Disorders
Biology Form 2
About Lesson

THE SKIN

Is the largest body organ.

It covers the whole body surface and continues into body openings like the nostrils, eyes, ears, anus, vagina and the mouth.

Human skin is made of two layers;

  1. Epidermis (top)
  2. Dermis (lower)

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